Lecture 9: Stellar Spectra
Readings: Section 19-4, 19-5, and 19-8
Key Ideas
Color of a star depends on its Temperature
Red
Stars are Cooler
Blue
Stars are Hotter
Spectral Classification
Classify
stars by their spectral lines
Spectral
differences are due to Temperature
Spectral Sequence (Temperature Sequence)
O B
A F G
K M L
T
Luminosity Classes
Chemical Composition
WienÕs Law
Relates peak wavelength and temperature
In words: ÒHotter objects are BLUERÓ
ÒCooler objects are
REDDERÓ
See Figure 19-7
Colors of Stars
Stars are hot, dense balls of gas
Continuous
spectrum from the lowest visible
layers (ÒphotosphereÓ_
Approximates a blackbody spectrum with a single temperature
From WienÕs Law, we expect:
Hotter
stars appear BLUE (T=10,000-50,000K)
Middle
stars appear YELLOW (T~6000K)
Cool
stars appear RED (T~3000K)
Spectra of Stars
Hot dense lower photosphere of a star is surrounded by
thinner (but hot) atmosphere
Produces
an Absorption-Line Spectrum superimposed
on a Continuous Spectrum
Lines come from the elements in the stellar atmosphere
Can we use stellar spectra to distinguish among
different types of stars?
We can identify lines in a
stellar spectrum by comparing their wavelengths with spectra of elements we
observe in the laboratory.
Spectral Classification of
Stars
1866: Angelo Secchi observed
the spectra of ~4000 stars
Divided them into 4
broad classes by common spectral absorption features
1886-1897 Henry Draper
Memorial Survey at Harvard
Led by Edward
Pickering
Objective prism
photograph of the sky from Harvard and Arequipa, Peru
Spectra of 220,000 stars:
Hired women as
ÒcomputersÓ to analyze the stellar spectra
Harvard Classification (1890)
Edward Pickering &
Willamina Fleming made a first attempt to classify ~10,000 stars by their
spectra.
Sorted by Hydrogen
absorption-line strength
Spectral Type ÒAÓ =
strongest Hydrogen lines
Followed by types
B,C,D, etc. (weaker)
Problem:
The other lines
didnÕt fit into this sequence
Annie Jump Cannon
In 1901, Annie Jump Cannon
noticed that stellar temperature was the principal distinguishing feature:
Re-ordered the ABC
types by temperature
Many classes thrown
out as redundant
Left with 7 primary classes:
O B A F G K M
Later work added the classes
R, N, and S.
Stellar Spectral Sequence
See Figure 19-11 and figure
below
Henry Draper Catalog of Stars
Cannon further refined the
spectral classification system by dividing the classes into numbered subclasses
For example, A was divided into
A0 A1 A2 A3 É. A9
Between 1911 and 1924, she
classified about 220,000 stars, published as the Henry Draper Catalog.
New Spectral Types: L&T
Coolest stars (<2500K)
discovered by recent digital all-sky surverys
L stars:
Temperatures
~1300-2500K
Strong lines of
metal hydrides & neutral metals
T dwarfs
Strong Methane (CH4)
bands, like Jupiter
Most likely failed
stars (ÒBrown DwarfsÓ)
Cecilia Payne Gaposhkin
Harvard graduate student in
1920s
1925 Ph. D. dissertation was
a classic
First comprehensive
theoretical interpretation of spectra
Based on the then
new atomic physics
Showed that stars are mostly
Hydrogen and Helium with traces of all of the other metals.
The Spectral Sequence
O B A
F G K
M L T
Hottest Coolest
50,000K §--------------ˆ 1300K
Bluest Reddest
Spectral Sequence is a TEMPERATURE
sequence
A Mnemonic for the
Spectral Sequence:
One Big Apple From Georgia
Killed My Little Turtle
The Spectral Sequence is a
Temperature Sequence
Differences among the spectral
types are due to differences in Temperature
What
lines you see depends primarily on the state of excitation and ionization of the gas.
These
are determined primarily by the Temperature of the gas.
Implications
Composition
differences are relatively unimportant
Differences in
temperature matter the most
Absorption Lines
Electron absorbs a photon
with exactly the energy needed to
jump from a lower to a higher orbital.
Only photons with
the exact excitation energy are absorbed.
All others pass through
unabsorbed
Example: Hydrogen Lines
Visible Hydrogen absorption
lines come from the first excited state of Hydrogen (n=2)
B Stars (11,000-30,000 K):
Most of the H is
ionized, so only very weak H lines in visible
A Stars (7500-11,000K)
Ideal excitation
conditions, strongest H lines in visible.
G stars (5200-5900 K)
Too cool, little
excited H, so only weak H lines in the visible
Line strengths diagram shown
in Figure 19-12
Modern Synthesis: The M-K
System
In 1943, Morgan & Keenan
added the Luminosity Class as a
second classification parameter:
Ia = Bright
Supergiants
Ib = Supergiants
II = Bright Giants
III = Giants
IV = Subgiants
V = Dwarfs
Luminosity Classification
Absorption lines are Pressure-sensitive:
Lines get broader as the pressure increases.
Larger stars are
puffier, which means lower pressure, so that
Larger
Stars have Narrower Lines
Since larger stars are brighter at a given temperature, this measures relative
stellar luminosity for stars of the same temperature.
See Figure 19-15
Full Spectral + Luminosity
Classification of Stars:
Sun:
G2V (ÒG dwarfÓ)
Winter Sky:
Betelgeuse: M2 Ib
star (ÒRed SupergiantÓ)
Rigel: B8 Ia star
(ÒBlue SupergiantÓ)
Sirius: A1V star (ÒA
dwarfÓ)
Aldebaran: K5 III
star (ÒRed GiantÓ)
Why is this Important?
Spectral classification
provides a way to estimate the physical characteristics of stars by comparing
their spectral features.
Spectral
differences primarily reflect differences in the temperatures of the stellar
atmospheres.
A
starÕs spectrum uniquely locates the star within the overall sequence of
stellar properties.
Powerful tool for
understanding the physics of stars.
Example: the Effects of Dust
There is gas and dust in
between the stars. Dust particles are very small and scatter blue light more
efficiently than red light.
Most stars appear to be
REDDER than they really are.
A starÕs color no longer
tells you its tempertuare.
But the spectrum still does!
Chemical Composition
We can also determine the
abundances of many elements in stars by using the Òatomic fingerprintsÓ seen in
spectral absorption lines.
We first determine
(1) the starÕs
temperature (spectral class)
(2) the starÕs
surface density (luminosity class)
Once these are known, we can
then estimate the abundance of any elements that have absorption lines in a
stellar spectrum!
We find that most stars in
the Galaxy have a composition very similar to that of the Sun (70% H, 28% He
and 2% everything else.)
But, very interestingly,
there are stars that deficient in the abundances of all elements heavier than
He compared to the Sun.