Astronomy 5830(Prof. Martini, Autumn 2017)

Astronomy 5830
Observed Properties of Astronomical Systems

Autumn Semester 2017

Prof. Paul Martini
MWF 8:50-10:20am
4054 McPherson Laboratory

Contact

Office: 4021 McPherson Lab

Office Phone: 614-292-8632

Office Hours: by appointment or whenever my door is open

E-Mail: martini.10@osu.edu

Astronomy 5830 is intended to provide an overview of observational astronomy at the introductory graduate level, with an emphasis on stars and galaxies. The topics we will cover include the basic properties of stars, quiescent and active galaxies, an overview of the properties of the Milky Way, and several other topics including the solar system, exoplanets, and clusters of galaxies. Throughout the course, we will emphasize how these properties are measured or inferred from astronomical observations. We will also cover observational techniques at various wavelengths.

Syllabus

The class syllabus and course outline are in this PDF File

Evaluation

The course grade will be based on homework, a writing assignment, an observing proposal, class participation, and a final exam. Details are provided on the syllabus.

Homework 1 Due Sep 8 (jupyter notebook)

Homework 2 Due Sep 25 (SciServer Compute Workshop Documentation)

Writing Assignment Due Oct 11

Observing Proposal Topic Due Oct 30

Homework 3 Due Oct 30 [peletier.dat]

Observing Proposal Due Nov 13

TAC Grades Due Nov 27

Homework 4 Due Dec 4 [sdssqso.fits | sdssqso.dat]

Final Exam Due Dec 8

Internet Resources

Various Useful Sites:: ADS Abstract Service; arXiv.org; SIMBAD; NED; Earth View; Julian Date Converter; Chi-Squared Calculator

Some Astronomy Picture Sites:: Astronomy Picture of the Day; NASA Planetary Photojournal A great collection of planetary images at JPL.; Cassini Mission; Mars Curiosity Rover; Latest results from the Hubble Space Telescope; Pictures from the Chandra X-ray Observatory

Topics and Readings

Listed below are the topics we will cover this semester, as well as references to review articles, classical papers on various subjects, and illustrative recent results. All of these readings supplement the required reading I will hand out in class. The recent results are potential topics for in-class oral presentations. Readings in red and bold are ones I will substantially cover in class. I will update this list throughout the semester.

Part I. Stars

L1: Distances and Motions [Aug 23]

GA Sections 2.1, 2.2

JSkyCalc Observing Aid

The Hipparcos Space Astrometry Mission

RAVE: The Radial Velocity Experiment

GAIA Satellite

astrometry.net

SCAMP

Upton, E.K.L. (1970), Calibration of the Hyades-Praesepe main sequence by a new treatment of the stellar motions, AJ, 75, 1097

Popowki and Gould (1998), Systematics of RR Lyrae Statistical Parallax. I. Mathematics, ApJ, 506, 259

L2: Masses and Radii [Aug 25]

GA Sections 3.1, 3.2

Michelson and Pease (1921), Measurement of the Diameter of alpha Orionis with the Interferometer, ApJ, 53, 249

Torres et al. (2009), Accurate masses and radii of normal stars: modern results and applications, A&RAv, 18, 67 (link)

Binary Star Simulator

Eclipsing Binary Star Simulator

L3: Spectral Classification [Aug 28]

GA Section 3.3

Morgan and Keenan (1973), Spectral Classification, ARA&A, 11, 29

Kirkpatrick et al. (1999), Dwarfs Cooler than M: The Definition of Spectral Type L Using Discoveries from the 2 Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS), ApJ, 519, 802

Burrows et al. (2003), Beyond the T Dwarfs: Theoretical Spectra, Colors, and Detectability of the Coolest Brown Dwarfs,ApJ, 596, 587

Burgasser et al. (2006), A Unified Near-infrared Spectral Classsification Scheme for T Dwarfs, ApJ, 637, 1067

Cushing et al. (2011), The Discovery of Y Dwarfs using Data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), ApJ, 743, 50

L4, L5: Measurement of Stellar Properties [Aug 30, Sep 1]

GA Sections 3.4, 3.5

Anders and Grevesse (1989), Abundances of the Elements, Geo. et Cos. Acta, 53, 197

Bessel, M.S. et al. (1998), Model Atmospheres, broad-band colors, bolometric corrections, and temperature calibrations for O-M stars, AA, 333, 231 [erratum 337, 321]

Bressan et al. (1993), Evolutionary sequences of stellar models with new radiative opacities. II - Z = 0.02, AAS, 100, 647

Duchene, G. and Kraus, A. (2013), Stellar Multiplicity, ARA&A, 51, 269

Epstein, C.R. and Pinsonneault, M.H. (2014), How good a clock is rotation? The stellar rotation-mass-age relationship for old field stars, ApJ, 780, 159

Henry et al. (1999), The Optical Mass-Luminosity Relation at the End of the Main Sequence (0.08-0.20 Msolar, ApJ, 512, 864

Raghavan, D. et al. (2010), A Survey of Stellar Families: Multiplicity of Solar-type Stars, ApJS, 190, 1

Torres et al. (2009), Accurate masses and radii of normal stars: modern results and applications, A&RAv, 18, 67 (link)

L6: Relations Between Stellar Properties [Sep 6]

GA Section 2.3

Bessell, M. (2005), Standard Photometric Systems, ARA&A, 43, 293

L7: Stellar Luminosity and Mass Functions [Sep 8]

GA Section 3.6

Gould, A., Bahcall, J.N., and Flynn, C. (1996), Disk M Dwarf Luminosity Function from Hubble Space Telescope Star Counts, ApJ, 465, 759

Chabrier, G. (2003), Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function, PASP, 115, 763

L8, L9: Stellar Evolution in an Observational Context [Sep 11, 13]

GA Section 5.1

Bressan, A. et al. (1993) Evolutionary sequences of stellar models with new radiative opacities. II. Z = 0.02, AAS, 100, 647

Girardi, L. et al. (2000) Evolutionary tracks and isochrones for low- and intermediate-mass stars: From 0.15 to 7 Msun, and from Z=0.0004 to 0.03, AAS, 141, 371

Heger, A. et al. (2003) How Massive Single Stars End Their Life, ApJ, 591, 288

Ivanova, N. et al. (2013) Common Envelope Evolution: Where we stand and how we can move forward, AARv, 21, 59

L10: Variability in Stars and Remnants [Sep 15]

GA Section 5.1.10

Part II. Observation Methods

L11, L12: Collection of Light [Sep 18, 20]

Howell, S. (1989) Two-dimensional aperture photometry - Signal-to-noise ratio of point-source observations and optimal data-extraction techniques, PASP, 101, 616

Bernstein, G. (2002) Advanced Exposure-Time Calculations: Undersampling, Dithering, Cosmic Rays, Astrometry, and Ellipticities, PASP, 114, 98

Rieke, G. (2003) Detection of Light, Cambridge University Press

Condon, J.J. and Ransom, S.M., Essential Radio Astronomy

Merline, W. and Howell, S. (1995) A Realistic Model for Point-sources Imaged on Array Detectors: The Model and Initial Results, ExA, 6, 613

Kelson, D. (2003) Optimal Techniques in Two-dimensional Spectroscopy: Background Subtraction for the 21st Century, PASP, 115, 688

L13: Big Data [Sep 22]

SciServer Compute

Part III. Solar System and Exoplanets

L14: The Sun [Sep 25]

Basic Astronomical Data for the Sun from Eric Mamajek

Basu & Antia (2008), Helioseismology and solar abundances, Physics Reports, 457, 217

Asplund et al. (2009), The Chemical Composition of the Sun, ARA&A, 47, 481

Usoskin, I.G. A History of Solar Activity over Millennia, Living Reviews in Solar Physics, 5, 3

L15: The Solar System [Sep 27]

IAU Minor Planet Center

Malhotra (1995), The Origin of Pluto's Orbit: Implications for the Solar System beyond Neptune, AJ, 111, 420

de Pater & Lissauer (2001), Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press

Jewitt & Haghighipour (2007), Irregular Satellites of the Planets: Products of Capture in the Early Solar System, ARA&A, 45, 261

Luu & Jewitt (2002), Kuiper Belt Objects: Relics from the Accretion Disk of the Sun, ARA&A, 40, 63

Zhang, Z.-W. et al. The TAOS Project: Results from Seven Years of Survey Data, AJ, 146, 14

L16: Exoplanet Demographics [Sep 29]

The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia

exoplanets.org

Kepler Orrery III by Daniel Fabrycky

Butler et al (2006), Catalog of Nearby Exoplanets, ApJ, 646, 505

Cumming et al. (2008), The Keck Planet Search: Detectability and the Minimum Mass and Orbital Period Distribution of Extrasolar Planets, PASP, 120, 531

Wright and Gaudi (2013), Exoplanet Detection Methods, in Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems, Springer

Winn, J.(2010), Transits and Occultations, Exoplanets by Sara Seager. University of Arizona Press, 55 arXiv:1001.2010

Winn, J.N and Fabrycky, D.C. (2015), The Occurrence and Architecture of Exoplanetary Systems, ARA&A, 53, 409

L17: Exoplanet Characterization [Oct 2]

Winn, J.N and Fabrycky, D.C. (2015), The Occurrence and Architecture of Exoplanetary Systems, ARA&A, 53, 409

Part IV. Milky Way

L18: Interstellar Extinction [Oct 4]

GA Section 3.7

Cardelli, J.A., Clayton, G.C., and Mathis, J.S. (1989) The relationship between infrared, optical, and ultraviolet extinction, ApJ, 345, 245

Mathis, J.S. (1990), Interstellar dust and extinction, ARA&A, 28, 37

Schlegel, D.J., Finkbeiner, D.P., and Davis, M. (1998), Maps of Dust Infrared Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Foregrounds, ApJ, 500, 525

L19: Structure of the Milky Way [Oct 6]

GA Sections 10.3, 10.7

Olling, R. and Dehnen, W. (2003) The Oort Constants measured from Proper Motions, ApJ, 599, 275

Dehnen, W. and Binney, J.J. (1998) Local stellar kinematics from HIPPARCOS data, MNRAS, 298, 387

Belokurov, V. et al. (2006) The Field of Streams: Sagittarius and Its Siblings, ApJ, 642, L137

Ivezic, Z., Beers, T.C., and Juric, M. (2012) Galactic Stellar Populations in the Era of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and Other Large Surveys, ARA&A, 50, 251

L20: Evolution of the Milky Way [Oct 9]

GA Chapter 5

Eggen, O.J., Lynden-Bell, D., Sandage, A.R. (1962) Evidence from the motions of old stars that the Galaxy collapsed, ApJ, 136, 748

Searle, L. Zinn, R. (1978) Compositions of halo clusters and the formation of the galactic halo, ApJ, 225, 357

McWilliam, A. (1997) Abundance Ratios and Galactic Chemical Evolution, ARA&A, 35, 503

Dalcanton, J. (2007), The Metallicity of Galaxy Disks: Infall versus Outflow, ApJ, 658, 941

Part V. Galaxies

L21, L22: Overview of Galaxies [Oct 11, 16]

Soifer, B.T., Helou, G., Werner, M. (2008), The Spitzer View of the Extragalactic Universe, ARA&A, 46, 201

Blanton, M.R. and Moustakas, J. (2009), Physical Properties and Environments of Nearby Galaxies, ARA&A, 47, 159

MaNGA Description

MUSE Instrument Description

L23, L24: Spheroids [Oct 18, 20]

Blanton, M., and Moustakas, J. (2009) Physical Properties and Environments of Nearby Galaxies, ARA&A, 47, 159 (Sections 4, 5)

Cappellari (2016), Structure and Kinematics of Early-Type Galaxies from Integral Field Spectroscopy, ARA&A, 54, 597

Kormendy et al. (2009), Structure and Formation of Elliptical and Spheroidal Galaxies, ApJS, 182, 216

L25: Disks [Oct 23]

Blanton, M., and Moustakas, J. (2009) Physical Properties and Environments of Nearby Galaxies, ARA&A, 47, 159 (Sections 4, 5)

Kormendy, J., and Kennicutt, R. (2004) Secular Evolution and the Formation of Pseudobulges in Disk Galaxies, ARA&A, 42, 603

Kormendy, J. (2016) Elliptical Galaxies and Bulges of Disc Galaxies: Summary of Progress and Outstanding Issues, in Galactic Bulges, Astrophysics and Space Science Library, arXiv:1504.03330

L26: Groups and Clusters [Oct 24] Tuesday

Blanton, M., et al. (2003) The Galaxy Luminosity Function and Luminosity Density at Redshift z = 0.1, ApJ, 592, 819

Blanton, M., and Moustakas, J. (2009) Physical Properties and Environments of Nearby Galaxies, ARA&A, 47, 159 (Sections 2.5, 2.6)

Bahcall, N. (1977) Clusters of galaxies, ARA&A, 15, 505

Dressler, A. (1980) Galaxy morphology in rich clusters - Implications for the formation and evolution of galaxies, ApJ, 236, 351

Voit, G. (2005) Tracing cosmic evolution with clusters of galaxies, RvMP, 77, 207

L27: The Local Group [Oct 25]

GA Section 4.1.4

Grebel, E.K., Gallagher, J.S. Harbeck, D. (2003), The Progenitors of Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies, AJ, 125, 1926

Mateo, M. (1998) Dwarf Galaxies of the Local Group, ARA&A, 36, 435

Karachentsev, I. et al.(2004) A Catalog of Neighboring Galaxies, AJ, 127, 2031

Simulation of The formation of the Milky Way's stellar halo

L28: ISM in Galaxies [Oct 27]

GA Chapter 8

Blanton, M., and Moustakas, J. (2009) Physical Properties and Environments of Nearby Galaxies, ARA&A, 47, 159 (Sections 3.4, 3.6, 5.8)

Young, J.S. and Scoville, N.Z. (1980) Molecular gas in galaxies, ARA&A, 29, 581

Bolatto, A.D., Wolfire, M., Leroy, A.K. (2013) The CO-to-H2 Conversion Factor, ARA&A, 51, 207

L29: Star Formation in Galaxies [Oct 30]

GA Section 8.2.8

Kennicutt, R.C. (1998) Star Formation in Galaxies Along the Hubble Sequence, ARA&A, 36, 189

Kennicutt, R.C. and Evans, N.J. (2012) Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies, ARA&A, 50, 531

Leroy, A.K. et al. (2013) Molecular gas and Star Formation in nearby Disk Galaxies, AJ, 146, 19

L30: Galaxy Evolution [Nov 1]

Shapley, A.E. (2011), Physical Properties of Galaxies from z=2-4, ARA&A, 49, 525

Carilli, C.L. and Walter, F. (2013), Cool Gas in High-Redshift Galaxies, ARA&A, 51, 105

Madau, P. and Dickinson, M. (2014), Cosmic Star Formation History, ARA&A, 52, 415

Stark, D. (2016), Galaxies in the First Billion Years After the Big Bang, ARA&A, 54, 761

L31: Circumgalactic and Intergalactic Medium [Nov 3]

Shapley, A.E. (2011), Physical Properties of Galaxies from z=2-4, ARA&A, 49, 525

Carilli, C.L. and Walter, F. (2013), Cool Gas in High-Redshift Galaxies, ARA&A, 51, 105

Madau, P. and Dickinson, M. (2014), Cosmic Star Formation History, ARA&A, 52, 415

Stark, D. (2016), Galaxies in the First Billion Years After the Big Bang, ARA&A, 54, 761

No Class 11/6, 11/8. OSU Closed (Veteran's Day) on 11/10.

Part VI. Active Galactic Nuclei

Below here schedule needs to be fixed.

L32: Basic AGN Taxonomy [Nov 13]

AGN Chapters 1 & 2

L33: Physical Processes in AGN [Nov 13]

AGN Chapters 1, 2, 4

Rees, M.J. (1984) Black Hole Models for Active Galactic Nuclei, ARA&A, 22, 471

L34: Eddington Limit and Black Hole Growth [Nov 15]

AGN Chapter 3

L35: Accretion Processes [Nov 17]

AGN Chapters 3,4

Shakura, N. I., Sunyaev, R. A. (1973) Black holes in binary systems. Observational appearance, A&A, 24, 337

Pringle, J.E. (1981) Accretion discs in astrophysics ARA&A, 19, 137

L36: Broad Line Region [Nov 20]

AGN Chapter 5

L37: Reverberation Mapping [Nov 27]

AGN Chapter 5

Peterson, B.M. (1993) Reverberation mapping of active galactic nuclei, PASP, 105, 247

Grier, C.J. et al. (2013), The Structure of the Broad-line Region in Active Galactic Nuclei. I. Reconstructed Velocity-delay Maps,, ApJ, 764, 47

L38: Narrow Line Region [Nov 29]

AGN Chapter 6

L39: Unification [Dec 1]

AGN Chapter 7

Netzer, H. (2015) Revisiting the Unified Model of Active Galactic Nuclei, ARA&A, 53 365

Kauffmann, G, & Haehnelt, M. (2000) A unified model for the evolution of galaxies and quasars, MNRAS, 311, 576

Hopkins, P.F., et al. (2006) A Unified, Merger-driven Model of the Origin of Starbursts, Quasars, the Cosmic X-Ray Background, Supermassive Black Holes, and Galaxy Spheroids, ApJS, 163, 1

L40: AGN Luminosity Function [Dec 4]

AGN Chapter 10, Section 11.2

Hopkins, P.F., et al. (2007) An Observational Determination of the Bolometric Quasar Luminosity Function, ApJ, 654, 731

Ueda, Y. et al. (2014), Toward the Standard Population Synthesis Model of the X-Ray Background: Evolution of X-Ray Luminosity and Absorption Functions of Active Galactic Nuclei Including Compton-thick Populations, ApJ, 786, 104

L41: Co-Evolution of Black Holes and Galaxies [Dec 6]

AGN Section 11.3

Ferrarese, L. & Merritt, D. (2000) A Fundamental Relation between Supermassive Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies, ApJ, 539, 9

Gebhardt, K. (2000) A Relationship between Nuclear Black Hole Mass and Galaxy Velocity Dispersion, ApJ, 539, 13

Martini (2004) QSO Lifetimes arXiv:astro-ph/0304009

Rosario, D.J. (2013), The mean star-forming properties of QSO host galaxies, AA, 560, 72

McConnell, N.J. and Ma, C.-P. (2013), Revisiting the Scaling Relations of Black Hole Masses and Host Galaxy Properties, ApJ, 764, 184

Kormendy, J. and Ho, L.C. (2013), Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies, ARA&A, 51, 511

Heckman, T.M. and Best, P.N. (2014), The Coevolution of Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes: Insights from Surveys of the Contemporary Universe, ARA&A, 52, 589

Astronomy 5830 Observed Properties of Astronomical Systems

Autumn Semester 2017 Prof. Paul Martini MWF 8:50-10:20am 4054 McPherson Laboratory