Quiz 1 Study Guide

Review of Material from Astronomy 1144
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Light:
   Light as Waves and Photons: c = lambda nu; E = h nu
   Speed of Light: a constant for all photons
   Electromagnetic Spectrum: radio to gamma-ray
   Doppler Effect: blueshifted vs redshifted

Spectroscopy:
    Kirchoff's Laws of Spectroscopy: emission and absorption
    Blackbody Spectra
    Stefan-Boltzmann Law: hotter blackbodies have higher fluxes: F = sigma T^4
    Wien Laws: hotter blackbodies are bluer: lambda_peak ~ 1/Temperature
    Emission-Line Spectra: Hot gas emits lines due to transitions of electrons in the atom.
    Absorption-Line Spectra: photons moving through a gas can be absorbed if they have the right energies.

Matter and Gravity:
    Structure of Atoms: protons, neutrons, electrons
    Elements and Isotopes
    4 Fundamental Forces (Strong & Weak Nuclear Forces
        Electromagnetic, & Gravitational Forces)
    Gravity:
       Inverse Square Law: F = G M1 M2/R^2
       Newton's Version of Kepler's 3rd Law: P^2 ~ a^3/(M1+M2)
       Circular and Escape Speeds: V_circ = (GM/r)^1/2   V_escape = (2GM/r)^1/2
       Gravitational Binding Energy: U = GM^2/R^2
  
    
The Observed Properties of Stars
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Stellar Distances:
    Trigonometric Parallaxes
    Units of distance: Parsec & Light Year
    d = 1/p

Stellar Motions:
    Proper motions: motion on the sky
    Radial velocity: toward the observer and away
    True Space Motion: combination of proper motion and radial velocity
    How these are measured and depend on distance

Stellar Brightnesses:
    Luminosity
    Apparent Brightness
    Inverse Square Law of Brightness : B = L/(4 pi D^2)

Stellar Masses & Radii:
    Types of Binary Stars (Visual, Spectroscopic, & Eclipsing)
    Use of binary stars for measuring masses
    Which types of binaries give the best masses
    How are stellar radii measured

Stellar Spectra:
    Colors of stars and relation to Temperature
    Spectral Classification
    Spectral Sequence is a Temperature Sequence
    Main Spectral Types: O B A F G K M L T

The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram:
    Plot of Luminosity vs. Temperature for stars.
       Main Sequence Stars
       Giant Stars
       Supergiant Stars
       White Dwarfs
    Luminosity-Radius-Temperature Relation
    Luminosity Classification through spectral line widths
       Luminosity Classes Ia Ib II III IV and V


Stellar Structure & Evolution
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The Internal Structure of Stars:
    Mass-Luminosity Relationship
    Hydrostatic Equilibrium